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RomannumeralsshouldnotbeelidedforinstanceandneithershouldnumeralsusedintitlesandusuallyinheadingsthevitaldatesofpeopledaterangesthatcrossacenturyboundaryorBCdatesbecauseofthepotentialformisunderstandingBCmightbeeitherBCtoBCorBCto33BCnumeralscombinedwithletterssuchasfolionumbersusingrectoandversoabbreviationsfolios27r32vordateswithcirca CHAPTER4abbreviationsc. Thisisgoodadvicebecausealthoughsomehyphenated CHAPTER4termsaretraditionalhyphenstendtobeusedtoclarifytheauthorsmeaningandexcessivehyphenationcandefeatthispurposeaswellaslookingfussyanddatedRitterSection3.

Howeveriftheguidelinesyourefollowingactuallyshoworotherwiseindicatethatpagerangesshouldusehyphensinsteadofdashesandmanyofthemdooriftheauthorhasusedhyphensconsistentlyforthispurposethehyphenscanberetainedandtheir CHAPTER4consistencyimproved. Whenaprefixappearsaloneahyphen CHAPTER4mustbeusedtorepresentthemissingwordover-andundermagnifiedandwhenex-isusedtodenoteapreviousstateitisusuallyfollowedbyahyphenex-wife.

Generallyspeakingthennouncompoundsdonotrequirehyphensbutifthetextisunclearorcouldbepotentiallymisleadingahyphenshould CHAPTER4certainlybeuseddecisionmakingforinstancewouldnormallynotuseahyphenbutwhenanadjectivesuchasquickappearsbeforeittheintendedmeaningmaybeenhancedbyanaddedhyphenquickdecision-making. Modifyingphrasesusethesamegeneralpatternofhyphenationwhenprecedinganounandanopenstructurewhenfollowingthenounup-to-dateresearchbuttheresearchwasuptodatethoughinsomestylesthemost CHAPTER4familiarphrasesarehyphenatedevenwhentheyappearafterthenountheapproachwasmatter-of-factseetheChicagoManualofStylep.

Clarityandprecisionofmeaningshouldbe CHAPTER4acentralgoalsoifyourenotsurewhattheauthormeansbecauseofhyphenationorthelackofitofferacommenttothateffect. Suchhyphensusuallyonlybecomeaconcernwhenadocumentprogressestopageproofsandarerarelyanissuewhenproofreadingacademicandscientificarticlespriortosubmissionbutifyoudofindyourselfproofreadinganarticleatsuchalatestageitsessentialtobeawarethatsomedivisionsarefarbetterthanothersandthatmisleadingdivisionsareunacceptableexact-ingis CHAPTER4anacceptabledivisionforinstancebutex-actingisnotandre-appearisappropriatebutreap-pearisnotforadetaileddiscussionoftheprinciplesofworddivisionwithplentyofexamplesseeRitterSection3.

Emrulesarealsousedinbibliographiesandreferenceliststorepresentthenamesoftheauthorsinsecondandsubsequentitemswrittenbythesameauthorsaswellasinindexesforrepeatedentryheadingsthoughsuchuseisrarelyaconcernwhenproofreadingarticlesbutthismethodshouldonlybeusedif CHAPTER4theauthorhasalreadyuseditandtherelevantguidelinesindicatethatitisacceptableotherwiseauthornamesshouldberepeatedinfullforeachsourceorentrylisted.

Foranemruletypethewordthatwill CHAPTER4precedetheemrulethentypetwohyphensinarowwithoutanyspacesfollowedbythewordthatshouldfollowtheemruleandafinalspace. Inallcasesitisassumedthatthebestpolicyistofollowtheauthorsownsystemofpunctuationifthereisoneasmuchaspossiblewhileobservingbothcorrectusageandanyrelevantguidelinesandifthereisnoclearsystemtoaddaslittlepunctuation CHAPTER4aspossibletoclarifytheauthorsmeaningandavoidmisleadingthereader.

AlthoughcommasindicatetheshortestpauseandsmallestbreakpossibleinasentencesstructuretheirappropriateusealsotendstopresentsignificantdifficultiesforauthorsandproofreadersparticularlyIsuspectbecausetheyareusedinsomanydifferent CHAPTER4situationsandareoftengovernedbyauthorandstylepreferencesratherthanbythestrictrulesofcorrectusage.

ThecommaisnotnecessaryhoweveriftheintroductoryphraseisshortparticularlyifitindicatestimeorlocationOnMondayshegoestotheparkorifthedependentclauseimmediatelyprecedestheverbitmodifiesOutofthehouse CHAPTER4walkedthemantheywerelookingfor. Whileyoureproofreadingseriesandlistsitsalsoimportanttoensurethatonlyitemsthatshareavalidsyntacticalrelationshipwiththeintroductorypartofthesentencebelinkedwithcommasandafinalconjunctionforexamplethearticlemustbewellwrittencarefullyresearchedanduseaserialcommaconsistentlyispoorerstylethanthearticlemustbewellwrittenandcarefullyresearchedanduseaserialcommaconsistentlybecause CHAPTER4thethirditemdoesnotworksyntacticallywiththeintroductorythearticlemustbe.

GenerallyspeakingwhentwomainclauseswhethertheyshareasubjectorhavedifferentsubjectsarejoinedtogetherintoonesentenceviaacommaaloneasinIlovereadingnovelsIgotothelibraryeveryweekendorWewereterrifiedoneelderlywomaneven CHAPTER4hadaheartattackthisisanerrorspecificallyacommaspliceandmustbecorrected. TheChicagoManualofStyleforinstanceexplainsthatiftheadjectivescouldwithoutaffecting CHAPTER4themeaningbejoinedbyandtheadjectivesarenormallyseparatedbycommasbutifthenounandtheadjectiveimmediatelyprecedingitareconceivedasaunit Whentwomainclausesarelinkednotbyaconjunctionbutbyanadverbsuchasindeedhoweverthereforeorneverthelessorby CHAPTER4anadverbialphraseasemicolonshouldbeusedbeforetheadverboradverbialphraseSallyintendedtoplantthegardenSaturdayafternoonhoweverafrostwarningforSundaynightpreventedherfromdoingsoandTheyfrightenedhimasaresultheranaway.

Asemicoloncanalsobeusedinsteadofafullstopwhenworkingtoavoidanumeralorsymbolthatwouldbeawkwardatthebeginning CHAPTER4ofasentenceforexampleAlthoughweapproachedanequalnumberofmenandwomenwhenestablishingthesamplemorewomenthanmenrespondedpositively. Acoloncanbeused CHAPTER4insteadofasemicolonhoweverbetweentwoindependentormainclausesbutonlywhenthesecondclausespecificallyexplainsillustratesorotherwiseelaborateswhathasbeensaidinthefirstWewereallsoterrifiedbutespeciallythecustomersoneelderlywomanwhohadcomeintothebanktomakeadepositevenhadaheartattackSallydidnotplantthegardenSaturdayafternoonasshehadintendedafrostwarningforSundaynightpreventedherfromdoingsoandAlthoughweapproachedanequalnumberofmenandwomenwhenestablishingthesamplemorewomenthanmenrespondedpositivelywomenagreedtotakepartinthestudybutonlymenwishedtoparticipate.

Sinceauthorpreferencesnormallydeterminethissortofcapitalisationexceptinthoserarecasesinwhichjournalguidelinesprovideadviceonthetopicitisessentialtoensurethatwhateverformatisusedwiththecolonis CHAPTER4usedconsistentlyforidenticalorsimilarsituationsthroughoutapaper. Howeveradashismoreinformalandtendstoimplyanasideorafterthoughtratherthanamainideasoitis CHAPTER4notreallyinterchangeablewithacolonandacolonshouldbeusedinmostcases.

Astopisgenerallynotusedondisplayedlinesoftextsuchastitlesheadingssubheadingsrunningheadingsandshortcaptionsbutparagraphor CHAPTER4run-inheadingssuchastheoneinboldfontatthebeginningofthisparagraphdotakeafullstoporinsomecasesacolonseeSection4. IfhoweverlinkednounsareactingseparatelytheapostropheandsshouldbeaddedtotheendofeachofthenounsTaylorsandFredricksonsstudiesonthe CHAPTER4subjectSidneysandShakespearessonnetsandmymothersandfathersidealsdiffer.

Itisalsodifficulttodetermineexactlywhenapossessiveasopposedtoanattributiveadjectiveshouldbeusedespeciallyinpluralformsandinmanycaseseitherisequallyacceptableemployee CHAPTER4lunchroomoremployeeslunchroomtaxpayersassociationortaxpayersassociationbuttheChicagoManualofStylep. Insuchhazycasesitsbesttofollowtheauthorsusageunlessyoudecidebasedoncontentelsewhereinthearticlethatthe CHAPTER4emphasisreallyshouldbedifferentandtheneedforconsistencycanalsobehelpfuliftheauthortendstouseapossessiveinsuchconstructionsapossessivemightalsobeappropriateinthosefewinstanceswhenheorshedoesnotbutdobesuretoinformtheauthorofthechangeparticularlyifitmightalterthemeaningofasentence.

Suchcontractionscanbeusedwhenquotinginformalspeechofcourseandothersthatarebasicallyarchaicsuchasthevryoertisandlearnd CHAPTER4setinitalicsheretoshowtheformsclearlycanstillbeusedwhenquotingearlysourcesorpoetrywhilestillothersareacceptableforwideruserocknrollforinstancedosanddontsbosunandmaam. Generallyaquestionmarkisfollowedbyacapitalletterandanew CHAPTER4sentencebutifaquestionisembeddedinasentencethesentencecancontinuewithalowercaseletterafterthequestionmarkSheaskedhimhowwillthisaffectmypositionbuthedidnotanswerWordwillwanttochangethelowercasebinbutintoacapitalindeeditwillwanttochangeanyletterafteraquestionmarkandotherterminalpunctuationintoacapitalsowatchforthat.

WhenaquestionmarkisusedinconjunctionwithquotationmarksparenthesesorsquarebracketsitshouldappearinsidethequotationmarksparenthesesorbracketsonlyifitisactuallypartofthequotedorparentheticalmaterialItmaybeJunebutitfrozelastnightcanyoubelieveitbutWhatdidhemeanwhenhesaidWithoutpatientsthehospitalwouldrunmuchmoresmoothlyAquestionmarkcanbeusedimmediatelybeforeorafterawordphrasedateorotherelementofasentencelistortabletoexpressuncertaintyordoubtTheblizzardhitVictoriainDecemberofjustaswewereleavingtownifthequestionmarkwouldinterfere CHAPTER4withorconfusethepunctuationofthesentenceencloseitinparenthesesin An CHAPTER4exclamationmarkcanhaveitsplaceinparentheseswithinanacademicorscientificarticletoemphasiseorcommentinasmallwayonsurprisingorstrikingresultsorbehavioursinwhichcaseitshouldappearupagainsttherelevantinformationjustasaparentheticalquestionmarkexpressinguncertaintydoesThemensscoreswereaveragebutthewomensscoresallexceeded35thehighestscoreeverachievedbeforethistrial.

FinallyasisthecasewithaquestionmarkanexclamationmarkusedinconjunctionwithquotationmarksparenthesesorsquarebracketsshouldappearinsidethequotationmarksparenthesesorbracketsonlyifitisactuallypartofthequotedorparentheticalmaterialIdiscoveredmuchtomychagrinthatIwasbeingpaidafractionofwhatotherwriterswereearningandIinvitedmymother-in-lawtoteaandsheactuallyhadtheaudacitytosayItdoesntlooklikeyouwashedthecupsdear CHAPTER4Brackets.

Fullstopsaswellasquestionandexclamationmarksseeabovebehaveinthesamewayfollowingtheclosingparenthesisiftheybelongtothesentenceasawholeandprecedingtheclosingparenthesisonlyiftheybelong CHAPTER4particularlyorsolelytotheparentheticalmaterialforexampleIinvitedmymother-in-lawtoteaandsheactuallyhadtheaudacitytosaysomethinginsultingItdoesntlooklikeyouwashedthecupsdearbutItmaybeJunebutitfrozelastnightcanyoubelieveit.

Squarebracketscanbeusedtoenclosenumericalin-textreferencesandoccasionallytoencloseparentheticalauthordatereferencesandinfullbibliographicalreferencestheyareusedtosurroundtranslatedtitlesandtoenclosepublicationinformationauthornamesdates CHAPTER4etc.

JournalsvaryofcoursebutmanyguidelinesspecifythatarticlesandespeciallyabstractsshouldbewrittenforageneralaudienceasmuchasforspecialistsandEnglishthatisclearcorrectandable CHAPTER5toexpresscomplexspecialisedideastogeneralreaderswillalsobeaccessibletospecialists.

MostcommonisthetendencyforpatientsorparticipantssufferingfromaparticulardiseaseorailmenttobereducedthroughakindofshorthandtothediseaseorCHAPTER5 ailmentcancerandnoncancerforinstanceinsteadofcancerandnoncancerpatientsorpeoplewithandwithoutcancer. SomereadersmightextendthistohistoricaltimesandtheirpeopletheideaforexamplethatanyonetimeisbetterthananotherorthecommonCHAPTER5 notionthatpeoplenowaremoreintelligentormoreimaginativethanpeoplewereinthepastaswellastoanimalsandothercreatureswiththeprioritisationofpeopleoveranimalsortheenvironmentforinstancesmackingofanthropocentrism.

CHAPTER5 Somewritersuncomfortablewithusingoneheorsheorsheaswellashimorherandhisorherwouldarguethattheyalongwiththemandtheirisanacceptablenon-gender-specificsubstituteforthesingularformsWhenapersonislearningtodrivetheyrequirequalifiedsupervision. OnthetopicofreferringtopeopleappropriatelyforinstanceahumanbeingpersonparticipantintervieweemothermanteenagerorgirlisneveranitwhichasaneuterpronounshouldbeusedofinanimateobjectsWhenthescaleisfinisheditwillmeasuredepressionandisappropriatewhenreferringtocountrieswhichlikeshipsarenolongerreferredtowithfemininepronounsastheyoncewereCanadashouldreconsideritsapproachtothetarsandsbutnotwhenreferringtopeopleWhenthegirltookthetestshewasCHAPTER5 feelingmoredepressedthanusual.

SuchasentencemaynotonlyfailtocommunicatetheauthorsmeaningclearlytotheintendedaudienceitmayalsopreventaseasonedprofessionalproofreaderfamiliarwiththesubjectfromunderstandingexactlywhattheauthoristryingtosayespeciallyifthatauthorisalsodealingwiththechallengeofwritinginalanguageCHAPTER5 nothisorherownandperhapsusedoneitwhenreferringtoapluralantecedentandtheyforasingularonebymistake.

InfactIorwewhenusedspecificallyandwithdiscretionisoftenpreferableCHAPTER5 tothird-personcircumlocutionssuchasthepresentauthorandthepresentinvestigators.

ItendtofocusonthepronounweinsuchinstancesthoughhelpfuladvicebeyondthatcancertainlybeofferedCHAPTER5 inextremecasesaslongasitisofferedinakind-spiritedway. ConverselytheauthorslanguageshouldnotbesospecifictoonecountryorregionCHAPTER5 thatitsmeaningwillnotbeunderstoodbyinternationalreaderscurrencyeducationalsystemsandlocalentertainmentaregoodexamplesoftopicsforwhichtheauthorshouldprovidenotonlyspecificinformationrelevanttotheoriginallocalitybutalsocarefulenoughexplanationsofthosespecificsthattheywillmakesensetoreadersinothercountriesandregions.

AlsocomplicatedisthefactthatthedecisiontouseasingularorpluralverbwithacollectivenouncandependonwhetherthenounreferstothegroupasaunitsingularortoitsmembersasindividualspluralandalsoonwhetherBritishorAmericanEnglishisusedinAmericanEnglishwhenthegroupisCHAPTER5 consideredasaunitasingularverbisusuallyusedtheteamisplayingexceptionallywellbutinBritishEnglishcollectivenounstendtousepluralverbstheteamareplayingexceptionallywell.

OnlyCHAPTER5 canalsobeproblematicwhenusednottomeanexclusivelybuttorefertoasmallnumberorpercentagejust39orassmallas39ismoreaccuratethanandpreferabletoonly SincearticlescanbereturnedforrevisionbyjournaleditorsduetothepresenceofsplitinfinitivesitisalwaysagoodideatorewordthemwheneverpossiblereplacingtosuccessfullypublishCHAPTER5 withtopublishsuccessfullyforinstance.

HoweverstudiesthatarealreadypublishedwereinfactconductedinthepastsotheperfecttensetoocanbecorrectlyusedwhenreferringtosourcesandtheirauthorsforexampleThestudybyJonesexploredthemigrationhabitsofmonarchbutterfliesandJohnsoninvestigatedtheCHAPTER5 phenomenonbymakingextensiveuseoftheworkofJones FinallythesametermsCHAPTER5 anddefinitionsshouldbeusedforthesameconceptsorcategoriesthroughoutapaperespeciallywhenthoseconceptsandcategoriesarecentraltotheargumentforexampleifthestudygroupshavebeenintroducedassurgicalgroupnonsurgicalgroupandcontrolgroupthatterminologyshouldnotchangepartwaythroughthepaperandifquestionnairesarenumbered12and3theyshouldnotbereferredtowithoutthenumbersbecausethiscanincreasethepossibilityofunnecessaryconfusion.

JournalsdontCHAPTER5 neglectthisaspectofwritingintheirguidelinesbecausetheydontexpectithoweveritismorelikelythatthereisanunspokenassumptionthatanyauthorsubmittinghisorherwritingtoarespectedacademicorscientificjournalwillalreadyknowhowtowriteperfectparagraphs.

SpecificdiscoursemarkersaremosteffectiveforindicatingachangeoftopicacomparisonorcontrastorashiftinfocusbuttherearemanywaystomakealterationsandprogressionsofthoughtapparenttoreadersCHAPTER5 soonceagaintherearenodefiniterules. IfontheotherhandtherelevantguidelinesareextremelyparticularanddetailedindicatingforinstancethedesiredpatternsofcapitalisationfontsizeandstyleandpunctuationtobeusedinheadingstheyshouldbefollowedpreciselyandconsistentlythejournalwouldnothavebotheredtoCHAPTER5 supplysuchspecificinstructionswerethestylestheyindicatenotwantedandexpected.

CHAPTER5 Whetheryouareusingastyleguidejournalguidelinesortheauthorsownsystemtocheckandimprovethestructuraldivisionsinanacademicorscientificarticletherearetwomainmethodsofformattingheadingsthatwilleffectivelyandaccuratelydividethemainbodyofapaperintotopicsandlevels.

HoweverWordsautomaticnumberingCHAPTER5 canmisssectionsifmaterialistypedindifferentlyresultinginallsubsequentsectionsbeingmisnumberedandthiscancreateconsiderabledisorderifthearticlehasseveralsectionsandsubsectionsofvariouslevels. AdjustmentscanbemadetoastructuralsystemoftheAPAkindjustastheycanbetoanumberedsystemtobringitintolinewithguidelinesorrenderitmoreinternallyconsistentwithacommentexplainingthesituationforexamplePleasenotethattheguidelinesforauthorsyouveprovidedindicatethatsecond-levelheadingsshouldbeinboldfontsoIvechangedtheitalicfontyouhadonyourCHAPTER5 second-levelheadingstobold.

CapitalisationaswellasfontstylesizeandcolourshouldbeusedinwaysthatenhanceratherthanhinderorconfusethesystemofheadingsandwhilethewaysdevisedbyauthorstodifferentiatelevelscanbebothcreativeandvariousifanauthorusesCHAPTER5 amethodthatislikelytoproveproblematicdifferentcoloursoffontforinstancetodistinguishoneheadinglevelfromanotherwhenthejournalinwhichtheauthorishopingtobepublisheddoesnotseemtopublishincolouritshouldbebroughttotheauthorsattentionsothatheorshecanincorporateanalternativemethodofdistinction.

ThecontentofanargumentisverymuchtheprovinceoftheauthorhoweverandwhiletheproofreadercancertainlysuggestpossibleimprovementsheorsheshouldnotmovematerialaroundeitherwithinorbetweensectionseventomakethemCHAPTER5 complymorecompletelywiththestructuredevisedbytheauthororindicatedbytheguidelinesprovidedsuchstructuralchangesshouldbelefttotheauthorsdiscretion.

AnyabbreviationsofspecialisedterminologyshouldbeusedwiththesameprecisionasCHAPTER5 theoriginaltermsandifalistortableisusedtodefinetermsoroutlinecategoriesofanykindspecialcareshouldbetakentoensurethatthosetermsandcategoriesappearintheexactsameformselsewhereinthepaperlistsareparticularlyeasytolocateandreaderswillreturntothemforhelpifanythingdoesproveconfusingsoitisessentialthatthetermsinalistprovideclarityandresolutioninrelationtothetermsusedinthepaperandthiscanonlybethecaseifthetermsanddefinitionsinbothplacescorrespondpreciselyseealsoSection6.

ConsultingtheseandorotherrelevantsourcesbeforequeryingissueswiththeauthorandcertainlybeforesuggestingormakinganychangestospecialisedmaterialwillinstilCHAPTER5 self-confidenceinyourjudgementandwhatyoulearnwillalsomakeyourcommentsmorerelevantandyourrevisionsmoreappropriatethereforepromotingtheauthorsconfidenceinyouandyouradvice.

CHAPTER5 PRSTipAlthoughwordsandphrasesfromforeignlanguagesarentexactlyspecialisedterminologytheydotendtobeusedindiscipline-specificwaysinbiologicalnomenclatureforexampleandtextualstudiesandshouldbetreatedinspecialways.

TheyalsotendtoCHAPTER5 suggestthatabbreviationsonlybeusedifpracticalornecessaryandthattheybeemployedonlyfortermsandnamesthatareusedseveraltimesinanarticlefivetimesormoreaccordingtotheChicagoManualofStylep.

IfabbreviationsareusedbothextensivelyandinaconfusedorconfusingmannerwithgeneralinaccuracyorinconsistencyintheformofabbreviationsforinstanceorwiththesameabbreviationusedformorethanonetermorviceversatheproofreadermaywanttountanglecertainelementsormakeselectivechangestoshowCHAPTER5 examplesofbetterpracticebuttheauthorshouldbeadvisedtoreviewandrevisehisorheruseofabbreviationsandperhapstomakealistofthemaswellbecausethatwillhelptheauthorrecognisehowmanythereareandjusthowinconsistenttheirformatis.

TheabbreviationsusedinbibliographiesandreferenceliststendtobestandardisedandthususuallydonotrequiredefinitionbutanythatarenotabbreviatedCHAPTER5 namesofcorporateauthorsforinstancesuchasWHOshouldbedefinedandanyusedinotherpartsofthetextaswelle. SinceitwouldbeimpossibletocoverindetailherealltheabbreviationsacademicandscientificauthorsmightusetheseandotherresourcesshouldbeCHAPTER5 consultedwhenproofreadingpaperswithextensiveorspecialisedabbreviations.

IfthesentencecontinuesCHAPTER5 afteranabbreviationusingstopsanynecessarypunctuationcommasemicoloncolonordashshouldappearimmediatelyafterthefinalstopoftheabbreviationThetrialtookplaceat9a. TolkienCHAPTER5 butnotinsomereferencingsystemsandsomestyleswillwantthespaceseliminatedinrunningtextaswelltoavoidtheseparationoftheinitialsbylinebreaksJ.

IftherearenopressingspaceconstraintsCHAPTER5 howeversuchuncapitalisedformscanbeavoidedatthebeginningofnotesaswellandwhenproofreadingItendtosuggestorproviderewordingtoachievethisbyusingCompareforcf. TheabbreviationMSalsohasmorethanonemeaningsothemeaningintendedinanygivensituationneedstobespecifiedviatheformatoftheCHAPTER5 abbreviationandthewayinwhichitisusedinasentence.

TheydonotrequiredefinitionbutguidelinesstyleguidesandauthorsdifferslightlyintermsofexactlywhichabbreviationstheypreferandinwhatformatthecapitalisationandspacingusedforinstancedependingonstyleorlocationwithinCHAPTER5 areferencesochecktheguidelinescarefullyifthereareanymakethemostoftheauthorspredominantusageandensurethatoneformofeachisusedconsistentlythroughoutapaper. ThelistbelowprovidespossiblevariantsofanumberofthemostcommonLatinabbreviationsalongwithdefinitionsandsomebriefnotesontheirusethatmaywellprovehelpfulwhenconsideredalongsidetherequirementsofanyguidelinesprovidedthepatternsoftheauthorspredominantusageCHAPTER5 andthedemandsofclearcommunication.

ThisabbreviationalmostalwaysappearsinromanfontandisusedwithgreatfrequencyCHAPTER5 sometimesexcessivefrequencyinacademicandscientificarticleswhereitissometimesconfusedwithi. UsedforreferencingineitherromanoritalicfontthisabbreviationrepresentsaspecificlocationwithinaworksoitsfunctionisextremelylimiteditisalsoCHAPTER5 oftenmisunderstoodandusedininappropriateways.

IneitherromanoritalicfontthisabbreviationcanbeusedbeforethedeathdateofanindividualwithoutanyCHAPTER5 interveningspacebetweentheabbreviationandthedateob. AlmostalwayssetinromanfontthisabbreviationisderivedfrominversofolioontheturnedleafandusedinprintingandmanuscriptstudiestorefertothebackorCHAPTER5 secondpageofafolio. NotallacademicandscientificauthorswillmakeuseofdirectquotationwhiledevelopinganargumentbutmanyarticleswillincludeoneorafewquotedCHAPTER5 passageswhileotherswillfeatureawidevarietyofquotedtextandspeech.

ThetwotypescouldtheoreticallyalternateindefinitelytoprovidemanylayersofquotationbutitisCHAPTER5 rarethatmorethanthreelayersareusedandfortunatelysosinceerrorsoftencreepintothelayereduseofquotationmarkswhichrequiresespeciallycarefulchecking. AnauthormightforexamplechoosetodisplayashortquotationthatiscentraltotheargumentorembedalongquotationinordertocommentonpartsofitinmoredetailheorshemightdecidetodisplayaseriesofquotationsofvaryinglengthinordertohighlightthemandfacilitatecomparisonortoembedthesameseriesofquotationstomaketheCHAPTER5 textmorereadableorheorshemightembedquotationsthatarecentraltotheargumentofapaperbutdisplaythosecitedasexamplesorillustrations.

SuchwordsandphrasescanbesubtleandvariousbutafewsimpleexamplesmightbehelpfulCHAPTER5 ThechildrensperformancewascomparedtothatofnormalchildrenOhheisagenerousmanalrightjustlikeEbenezerScroogebeforehemethisghostsandEveryoneknowsthatmodernstudentsaremuchmoreintelligentthantheirmediaevalcounterpartswere.

AlthoughembeddingsuchcarefullyformattedquotationsshouldbeavoidedifatallpossiblethereareinstanceswheremorethanoneCHAPTER5 lineofpoetrymorethanoneparagraphofproseorpartsofaletterlistorplaywillbeorwillneedtobequotedwithintheauthorsownparagraphs.

IfforexampletheauthorisdiscussingLanglandforseveralparagraphsandquotesrepeatedlyfromthesametextitisnotnecessarytoidentifytheauthorpoemeditorsandpublicationdatewitheachquotationunlessitisunclearwhichtextisbeingcitedonlyifadifferentauthorortextorperhapsadifferenteditionorversionofthepoemisquotedCHAPTER5 inthemidstofthediscussionwouldafullreferenceberequiredtoreorientthereader.

ColonssemicolonsdashesandparenthesesontheotherhandnormallyappearoutsideclosingquotationmarksunlesstheyCHAPTER5 areactuallypresentinthesourceinwhichcasetheycanbeincludedwithinthequotationmarks. CHAPTER5 Guidelinesiftheycommentonquotationpracticeswillalsoplayapartoccasionallyforinstanceguidelineswillrequestthatquotationsbepresentedinasintactaformaspossibleandintroducedverysimplyblockquotationsintroducedwithcolonsareagoodchoiceformeetingsuchrequirementswhileotherswillallowauthorsmorefreedominbreakingquotationsintoseparatewordsandphrasesinordertoincorporatethesefragmentsborrowedfromsourcesvirtuallyseamlesslyintotheirownsentences.

CHAPTER5 LanglanddescribedmonasticlifeinthefourteenthcenturyinidealistictermsclaimingthatnomancametothecloistertocarpeorfiteandinsistingdespiteotherpassagesofPiersPlowmantothecontrarythatthemonasterywasaplaceofbuxomnesse IftheauthorstranscriptionofthequotationisincorrectheorCHAPTER5 sheisfalselyattributingwordsandthoughtstoanotherauthorandnoauthortheonequotingortheonequotedwouldwantthat. AnythingdubiousorincorrectthatcantbecorrectedwithoutrecoursetotheoriginalshouldbebroughttotheauthorsattentionCHAPTER5 alongwiththeadvicethatthequotationshouldbecheckedagainstthesourceandcorrectedifnecessary.

WhileanauthormightavoidminorbutobviouserrorsinasourcetextCHAPTER5 byparaphrasinginsteadofquotingititisalsopermissibleforinstancefortheauthortocorrectminorerrorssuchasspellingunclosedquotationmarksorparenthesesandamissingfullstopsilentlywhichistosaywithoutacknowledgingthechange. CHAPTER5 GlossesanddefinitionsofforeigndifficultorpotentiallymisleadingwordsasinWhanthatAprillwithhisshouressoteshowerssweetThedroghteofMarchehathpercedtotheroterootKolveOlsonGeneralPrologue12andAmiddle-classfamilymighthaveownedonlyonebookbutthatbookwouldoftenresembleanentirelibraryinparvoinsmallwithitscontentsbothextensiveandextremelyvaried.

WhileitalicscanbeaddedtocertainwordsandsectionsinaquotationinordertoemphasisethemquotationsshouldnotbeplacedentirelyinitalicswhicharenotCHAPTER5 neededorcorrectformarkingquotationsinEnglishthatisachievedbyquotationmarksorblockformattingalonesoifanauthorusesitalicsthroughoutaquotationthefontshouldbechangedtoromanandtheauthorinformedortheproblembroughttotheauthorsattentionsothatheorshecanmakethechanges. IfanauthorusesellipsestoindicatebothmissingorillegiblepassagesinasourceandhisorherownomissionsfromthequotedtextadistinctionshouldbemadebetweenthemideallybyaddingabracketedcommentCHAPTER5 aftereachellipsisusedtoindicatemissingorillegibletextintheoriginal WhenadisplayedquotationcontainsmorethanoneparagraphandtheauthorneedstomarktheomissionofinterveningparagraphsanellipsisshouldbeaddedtotheendoftheCHAPTER5 paragraphprecedingtheomission.

CHAPTER5 InmanycasesprovidinganEnglishtranslationofapassageinaforeignlanguageismoreappropriatethanquotingtheoriginallanguageandthereisoftennoneedtoincludetheoriginalaswell. SowhiletheproofreaderstillmaynothaveaccesstothesourceheorshecancarefullychecktheEnglishtranslationtobesureitiscorrectandeffectivefixingsmallandobviouserrorshighlightingawkwardpatchesandpotentialmistranslationsandsuggestingvocabularyorphrasingthatmightbepreferabletowhattheauthorhasuseddependingofcourseCHAPTER5 onwhattheoriginalsayswhichcanbeincrediblyhelpfulformanyauthors.

GuidelineswillrarelyindicateapreferenceforsquarebracketsorparenthesesinsuchsituationsbutstyleguidesseemtorecommendparenthesesmoreoftenthansquarebracketsasinthefollowingexampleCHAPTER5 InWattsp. ThefirstandlastofthesemethodsareprobablythebestintermsofbothclarityandstylewiththefirsttakingthisformDicebamhaecetflebamamarissimacontritionecordismeiIwassayingCHAPTER5 thesethingsandweepinginthebitterestcontritionofmyheartWattsp.

CHAPTER5 Quotationmarkswhenquotingandtranslatingforeignlanguagesintheformofblockquotationsinthemaintextofapapernoquotationmarksarenecessaryaroundeithertheoriginalorthetranslation. AlthoughitmaybeappropriateinasinglepaperforanauthortouseoneformatforquotingaforeignlanguageinonesituationandadifferentoneinanotherortoprovidemoreoftheoriginalormoreofthetranslationinonecasethaninanotherinordertocommunicateCHAPTER5 whateverisnecessaryforunderstandingthequotationsconsistencyofstyleandpracticeshouldbeobservedasmuchaspossiblethroughoutapaper.

CHAPTER5 Chapter6TablesFiguresAppendicesandListsTheRightInformationintheRightPlaceTablesfiguresappendicesandlistsareimportantpartsofmanyacademicandscientificarticlesyetsometimestheproofreaderneverseesthefirstthreebecausenotallauthorsincludetheminallproofreadingjobslistsontheotherhandareusuallyincorporatedintothemainbodyofthepapersotheytendtobeincluded. ThecommentsIofferherearethereforenotintendedtopresentasubstituteforthemethodsofparticularguidelinesorstyleguidesorforthecarefullyconsideredpreferencesofindividualauthorstheyarealsonotmeanttoencourageyoutoalteraspectsCHAPTER6 ofanauthorstablesthatareeffectiveandconsistent.

OccasionallyjournalguidelineswillwantalltablessubmittedinCHAPTER6 aseparatefileeitheraloneoralongwithanyfiguresincludedwiththepaperinwhichcasethetableheadingsmayneedtobeincludedinthemainpaperfileifsotheyshouldusuallyappearamongthefinalmatter. WasthetableCHAPTER6 embeddedinaparagraphthatshouldbeclosedupafterthetableisremovedorshouldanewparagraphbeginThisshouldbemadeclearbyappropriateindentationorviaspacingifthepaperdoesnotuseparagraphindentation.

IfareferencetoatableisoutoforderhoweverorthetablesthemselvesareoutoforderornumberedinawaythatdoesnotreflecttheorderinwhichtheyrementionedinthetexttheauthorwillneedtobeinformedCHAPTER6 andiftheerrorsarestraightforwardandcanberesolvedwithoutguessworktheproblemscanbecorrectedbytheproofreader. UnitsthatareusedthroughoutatablecanCHAPTER6 alsobedefinedinitsheadingDistancetravelledbystudyparticipantsmetresperminuteandthelogicgoverningtheorderinwhichmaterialispresentedinatablecanalsobebrieflyexplainedintheheadingVegetablesnegativelyaffectedbyfrostarrangedfromleasttomostfrostresistant.

CHAPTER6 Columnheadingseachcolumnofatablemusthaveaheadingthatindicateswhatsortofdataiscontainedinthecolumnwiththeexceptionofthestuborleftmostcolumnwhichisusuallyalistofheadingsitselfandoftendoesnotrequireaheadingthoughoccasionallyguidelinescallforoneandthestubcancertainlybearaheadingifrelevantandhelpful.

ColumnheadingsarenotnormallynumberedunlessnumbersareusedinthetextitselfinrelationtothematerialpresentedinthecolumnsinwhichcasethenumberscanbeCHAPTER6 helpfulforreadersusingthetable. SomejournalsalsouseleadersCHAPTER6 severalspacedstopsaftereachstubheadingtoconnecttheheadingtotherowanddatatowhichitappliesespeciallyifthatconnectionmightotherwisebeunclear. SomediscrepanciescanberesolvedifthereisenoughinformationinCHAPTER6 thepapertoallowyoutodeterminewhichoftwonumbersiscorrectbutallsuchdiscrepancieswhethercorrectedornotshouldbebroughttotheauthorsattention.

WhenCHAPTER6 anynonstandardunusualorspecialistabbreviationsareusedsuchasthoseforhighlytechnicalordiscipline-specifictermsorthoseforgroupnamesandotheraspectsofaparticularstudytheymustbedefinedinthetableeveniftheyhavealreadybeendefinedinthepaper. IfbychanceafullsentenceappearswithinatableitshouldendwithterminalpunctuationwhetherthathappenstobeafullstoporinthecaseofaquestiondirectedatCHAPTER6 participantsforinstanceaquestionmark. StrictlyspeakingeachnoteshouldbeginonanewlineandendwithafullpointbutthisisoftenimpracticalforreasonsofspaceandlayoutsoshorternotesofasingletypecanrunonseparatedbysemicolonsANOVAanalysisofCHAPTER6 varianceCIconfidenceintervalESeffectsizeandlongernotesthatdiffermoregreatlyfromeachotherbutarestillinthesamecategorysometimesrunonseparatedbyfullstopsDatawerecollectedfromJunethroughMay GeneralnotesusuallybeginwiththewordNoteorCHAPTER6 Notesofteninitalicfontalthoughboldfontorfullcapitalsarealsousedbysomeauthorsandstylesandthewordisfollowedbyeitherafullstoporacolonfontandpunctuationshouldbeconsistentthroughoutthetablesinapaper.

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